This query response concerns the special police force in the Somali Regional State of Ethiopia (Somali Region), the so-called Liyu Police (liyu means "special" in Amharic).  Information about conditions in the Somali Region, including Liyu Police, is very limited.

The Advocates for Human Rights (“The Advocates” or “AHR”) is a volunteer-based nongovernmental organization committed to the impartial promotion and protection of international human rights standards and the rule of law.  AHR conducts a range of programs to promote human rights in the United States and around the world,The Advocates for Human Rights (“The Advocates” or “AHR”) is a volunteer-based nongovernmental organization committed to the impartial promotion and protection of international human rights standards and the rule of law.  AHR conducts a range of programs to promote human rights in the United States and around the world,including monitoring and fact finding, direct legal representation, education and training, and publications.

The border war between Ethiopia and Eritrea ended in December 2000 with the signing of the Algiers agreement. Under the Algiers agreement, the two parties established a border commission to delimit and demarcate the borderline. In April 2002, the commission delivered its delimitation decision and continued to undertake demarcation activities, which were already launched in parallel with the delimitation of the border.

For decades, Ethiopia has been affected by famine and conflict. In 2009, there have been various reports of internal displacement resulting from conflicts and human rights violations perpetrated by the army and groups opposed to the government. It is difficult to establish the number of internally displaced people (IDPs) as neither the government nor any international organisation has undertaken a profiling exercise. The access of humanitarian and human rights organisations and the media to some areas of the country has been restricted.

This study attempted to explore the main causes of farm land conflicts and its socio-economic consequences on the rural residents.  The general objective of this study was assessing the causes and socio-economic consequences of farm land conflict in the study area.  The study explored the agricultural productivity loss andThis study attempted to explore the main causes of farm land conflicts and its socio-economic consequences on the rural residents.  The general objective of this study was assessing the causes and socio-economic consequences of farm land conflict in the study area.  The study explored the agricultural productivity loss andsocio-economic costs by using 175 rural farm household respondents.

In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991.

Land is a contentious resource in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia.  Traditional pastoralism, which is both a mode of production and a cultural way of life, dictates communal ownership of grazing land on which individually owned livestock graze.  Pastoral land in Afar has traditionally been administered by the local communities themselves.  However, with a gradual incorporation of the pastoralists into the Ethiopian modern polity, there have been competitive interests over issues of land administration between local communities and the state which often led to conflict and instability.

Many countries are still strugglinlg to recover from the 2008 financial crisis.  Even in the developing world, which accounted for more than three-quarters of growth in 2016, inequality has never been greater and household economic prospects never less secure.  Political instability, competition over resources, the refugee crisis, and the looming threat of climate change compound these challenges.

Water is crucial to human life and the earth as a whole; there is no life without water. The majority of the rural population in Ethiopia is depending on agriculture for their livelihood and most agriculture is still based on the availability of rain. This limits the possibilities of the rural population to have a consistent income all year long; their agricultural practices are more focused on subsistence farming.

Most of the world’s 1.2 billion poor people, two thirds of whom are women, live in water-scarce countries and do not have access to safe and reliable supplies of water for productive and domestic uses (IFAD 2001a).  The bulk of these rural poor people are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods and live in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, the regions which are also home to most of the world’s water poor (Molden 2007).

Ethiopia’s Somali Region is undergoing a gradual but important transition that has multiple implications concerning violent grassroots conflict (defined, in this context, as conflict largely driven by local factors, as opposed to macro-political factors).  Home to more than four million people, the vast majority of who are ethnically Somali and Somali-speaking, the region’s inhabitants are undergoing a fundamental shift in their livelihoods, started about two decades ago, that affects many facets of life.

Human-wildlife conflict is a serious problem in Ethiopia especially in situation of those who share the immediate boundaries with protected areas.  Human population growth, less public understanding and the negative perception of local community toward wildlife and their conservation will generally increase conflict between humans and wildlife.  Sharing conservation-related benefits and involvement of local people in decision-making for resource management can increase the positive attitudes of local people towards wildlife, protected areas, and conservation practices.  Participatory management and benefit sharing are best mechanisms, along with the granting to local communities of limited ownership rights for some resources.  Biodiversity education and training activities are superior in disseminating innovativeHuman-wildlife conflict is a serious problem in Ethiopia especially in situation of those who share the immediate boundaries with protected areas.  Human population growth, less public understanding and the negative perception of local community toward wildlife and their conservation will generally increase conflict between humans and wildlife.  Sharing conservation-related benefits and involvement of local people in decision-making for resource management can increase the positive attitudes of local people towards wildlife, protected areas, and conservation practices.  Participatory management and benefit sharing are best mechanisms, along with the granting to local communities of limited ownership rights for some resources.  Biodiversity education and training activities are superior in disseminating innovativetechniques, building local capacity, and increasing public understanding for human-wildlife conflict prevention and resolution.

Struggles over territory are recognized to be the most pervasive form of conflicts and the largest category of causes of inter-state wars as well as intra-state conflicts (Richardson 1960; Wright 1965; Wallensteen and Sollenberg 1999; Gleditsch 2001).  Micro-level empirical studies of land disputes include André and Platteau (1998) and Platteau and Baland (2001) who noticed that when land pressures become particularly severe, weaker categories of land rights holders may be discriminated against and such groups typically include women, particularly if they are divorced, widowed or polygamous, orphans, handicapped children, illegitimate children or off-springs of broken marriages whose father has remarried, and returning migrants.

Ethiopia is said to have abundant potential water resources, all emanating within its territory.  Nevertheless, water resources scarcity in the country is to be understood in terms of its spatial and temporal distributions.  This is related to the issue of water resources accessibility, which in turn relates to people’s ability to obtain water to satisfy their needs, taking into account factors such as time and distance to collect water, rights of access and costs.  Wherever there is water, land suitable for agriculture may not be available and vice versa.  Therefore, although Ethiopia, with over 1,700 m3/s per capita water availability is not a water stressed country, the spatial and temporal variability of water limits the country’s development, management and equitable distribution.

The study is about traditional interpersonal conflict resolution methods in the case of land in Arga and Asherakebele in Simada Worda in the local community conflict resolution system was seen in this research study.  Simadaworda Arga and Asherakebele the respondents of this research activity, from the total household 75 wasThe study is about traditional interpersonal conflict resolution methods in the case of land in Arga and Asherakebele in Simada Worda in the local community conflict resolution system was seen in this research study.  Simadaworda Arga and Asherakebele the respondents of this research activity, from the total household 75 wasselected, from those household 45 males and 30 females was selected based on sampling point.  From sampling fighter 25 was selected, from those male 17 female 8, official experts was 24, from those 16 male and 8 female.  From total respondent were selected 124, from those 78 males and 46 female. Most of the respondents result indicated that conflict arising by using inheritance problems from males 24.3% (19) and females 19.56% % (9), then problem related to boundary conflicts 34.6% (27 male and 16 female).

Insecurity among the nations of the Horn of Africa is often concentrated in the nomadic pastoralist areas. Why? Is the pastoralist economy, which revolves around livestock, raiding and counter-raiding to blame for the violence? Why are rebel movements in the Horn, such the Lord‟s Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) in Ethiopia, several warlords in Somalia, etc, situated in nomadic pastoralist areas?

The Initiative on Quiet Diplomacy (IQd) seeks to address the root and proximate causes of violent conflict—before they escalate into violence—by helping developThe Initiative on Quiet Diplomacy (IQd) seeks to address the root and proximate causes of violent conflict—before they escalate into violence—by helping developinstitutions in regional, sub-regional and other inter-governmental organisations, providing key actors with tools and techniques to identify, assess and respond torecurring issues in conflict situations, and supporting and facilitating dialogue and mediation processes.

ABSTRACT Land tenure policies are highly contentious political issues in Ethiopia.  Most of the debates dwell on the public/state versus private land ownership options.  At present, although ‘public’ land ownership is the only officially recognized one, people may also acquire land through inheritance in the framework of customary rules.  One of the outcomes of co-existence (but without integration) of the state instituted land rights and the custom-backed ones is the proliferation of disputes over land.  This paper attempts to focus on such land disputes and mechanisms of land disputes resolution, taking the case of Kokossa district of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia.

Rectifying land rights in war-torn settings are among the most daunting challenges of peacebuilding. War-torn land tenure situations are unique settings in their combination of a weakened and chaotic formal (statutory) system, vigorous but very fluid informal tenure activity, along with the presence of political demands regarding land, and international actors that have a large interest and influence in the success of any improvement or recovery.

In resource-scarce East Africa, minority groups face major challenges over the control of and access to land and other natural resources.  Despite national policy regimes that are developing in a positive direction, the reality for minority groups and their neighbouring ethnic groups is that land and natural resources continue to be a major trigger of violence.